Yerba mate: cultivation systems, processing and chemical composition

This posting will be also about yerba mate. I found some other review papers and there would be more postings about it. In this paper(Yerba mate: cultivation systems, processing and chemical composition), it said similar things like the paper I read before. There are pharmacological health effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti mutagenic, anti-obesity and cardio protective function. These health effects are related to these chemical compounds; alkaloids, polyphenols, terpenes and essential oils.

 

-Processing and uses

A. Processing and the way how we consume them as a drink.

a. This right below is the traditional processing of yerba mate.

 

b. Usually chimarrao is a hot infusion of mate which is like a tea, and terere is a cold infusion of mate which is prepared with cold water and ice.

b. Usually chimarrao is a hot infusion of mate which is like a tea, and terere is a cold infusion of mate which is prepared with cold water and ice.

 

B. Uses of yerba mate

a. Yerba mate uses

Plant components	Application	Uses
Leaves and branches	Traditional uses (beverages)	–.Chimarrão,tereré, mate tea (roasted leaves), blend of yerba mate with herbs and flavored tea
	Non-traditional uses (beverages)	–. Freeze dried extract, tea (green leaves), tea capsule (roasted and green leaves), mate latte, energy drinks, beers, soft drinks, liqueurs
	Functional foods	–. Sweets, jam, breaded, functional cheeses
	Cosmetics	–. Shampoo, soap, anti-aging cream, moisturizing cream
	Natural antioxidant (additive)	–. Aqueous dipping solution to minimizing browning development of freshly fruits –. Biodegradable edible films to be used as packaging for fruits
	Textile industry	–. Dyeing silk, wool, linen and cotton fabrics
Fruits	Cosmetics	–. Oil essential –.Anti-aging cream, moisturizing cream
	Vegetable extracts of the unripe fruits	–. Molluscicides
Seeds	Ornamental value and biological properties (seedlings)	–. Afforestation –. Gardening –. The ecological restoration of degraded ecosystems
Wood	Wood industry	–. Blade of excellent quality
Residue (after processing)	Agriculture	–. Organic fertilizer
	Livestock	–. Animal feed

b. Usually the leaves of yerba mate is used to produce energy drinks as an alternative to coffee.

c. Studies on new uses: food preservatives, food supplements, dyes or hygiene and cosmetics products.

*Anti oxidant effects are proved by preventing browning of freshly cut apples.

*Starch-glycerol based films from yerba mate are biodegradable and edible. So yerba mate has a potential to be used when producing eco-friendly stuffs.

*Can be used to dye silk, wool, linen and cotton fabrics into yellow brownish color. The best condition to dye is 90 degree Celsius, pH 3.0 and 20g/L. What the great thing is we can dye fabrics with out metal salts.

*Extracted compounds are effective as molluscicides. They can kill snails and it is very effective to protect crops from mollusks which can devour them.

 

-Chemical aspects, bioactive compounds and their functionalities.

 

A. How they are used for mate itself.

a. Potential health benefits by extracted organic compounds such as polyphenols, saponins, alkaloids and essential oils. There are also vitamins and minerals. The organic compounds extracted are used to protect mate itself from herbivores, pathogens and UV.

b. They are also used as a pollinator or fruit disperser attraction.

c. Plus they protect against growth reduction of adjacent competing plants.

 

B. How they are used for humans.

a. They can prevent cancer and have high anti inflammatory potential and inhibition of LDL oxidation.

b. Can be used to treat obesity, diabetes and arteriosclerosis.

c. Therapeutic qualities: hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, cardioprotective and antioxidant effects.

 

C. Chlorogenic acids

a. They are a family of non-flavonoid phenolic compounds comprising caffeic&quinic acid esters and their mono-/di-caffeoyl quinic isomers(there are 3,4-/ 3,5-/ 4,5- dicaffeoylquinic acid and 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid(=3-CQA), 4-CQA and 5-caffeoylquinic acid).

b. Potential properties to humans are antioxidant, hypoglycemic, antiviral and hepatoprotective effect.

 

D. Effects on CNS by xanthines and methylxanthines which are alkaloids.

a. There are caffeine, theophylline and theobromine.

b. Stimulating effects. Caffeine is presentative.

c. Affecting cardiovascular system. Theophylline is the strongest compound that affect it.

 

E. Yerba mate contents can vary widely by the environment where they had been grown.

 

-The researches had been done about yerba mate.

 

-Phenolic compound found in yerba mate

Chemical composition	Sample	Content	Unity	References
Total phenolic compounds	Leaves, green branches, extracts	9.45 to 8047.00	mg 100 g–1	Souza et al., 2015;Mateos et al., 2018;Holowaty et al., 2016
	Infusions oftereréor chimarrão	143. 98 to 1194.90	mg 100 mL–1	Gebara et al., 2017;Baeza et al., 2017
	Fruits	59.25 to 62.25	mg 100 g–1	Fernandes et al., 2016;
	Instant mate	343.17	μmol 100 g–1	Oliveira et al., 2017
Total flavonoids	Leaves, green branches, extracts	3.06 to 757.00	mg 100 g–1	Souza et al., 2015;Mateos et al., 2018
Anthocyanins	Fruits	17.52 to 43.79	mg 100 g–1	Fernandes et al., 2016
Rutin	Leaves, green branches, extracts	1.86 to 6.10	mg g–1	Silveira et al., 2017;Baeza et al., 2017;Mateos et al., 2018
	Infusions oftereréor chimarrão	1.93	mg 100 mL–1	Silveira et al., 2017
	Fruits	10.96 to 11.72	mg 100 g–1	Fernandes et al., 2016
	Instant mate	3.60	μmol 100 g–1	Oliveira et al., 2017